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Unit 6
​​
History of the American Southwest

reading and Writing Workshop
Essay Prompts

Unit Plan

The Southwest During the 20th Century

Activities

Teaching with E.L.O.N.  (Enriched Learning Opportunity Nexus) that seamlessly integrates AI 
Unit 6
 Overview:
This unit examines key developments in the U.S. Southwest during the 20th century, starting with Arizona and New Mexico statehood in 1912. Students will explore the region's transformation through the impact of the Great Depression and New Deal programs, the Southwest’s pivotal role during World War II (military bases, bracero program, Native American code talkers), and the post-war urbanization of major cities like Phoenix, Albuquerque, and El Paso.
Unit Objectives:Students will be able to:
  • Analyze the significance of Arizona and New Mexico achieving statehood in 1912.
  • Evaluate the economic and social impact of the Great Depression and New Deal programs in the Southwest.
  • Explain the contributions of the region to World War II, including the establishment of military bases, the bracero program, and Native American code talkers.
  • Identify factors contributing to post-war urbanization in key Southwestern cities.
  • Engage critically with the historical processes that shaped the modern Southwest.
Essential Questions:
  • What were the effects of Arizona and New Mexico becoming states in 1912 on the region’s development?
  • How did the Great Depression and New Deal programs reshape the Southwest?
  • What roles did the people and resources of the Southwest play during World War II?
  • How did urbanization after World War II change the economic and cultural landscape of the Southwest?
Key Topics:
  • Arizona and New Mexico Statehood (1912)
  • The Great Depression and New Deal Programs (CCC, WPA) in the Southwest
  • World War II in the region: military bases, bracero program, Native American code talkers
  • Post-war urbanization and economic growth in Phoenix, Albuquerque, and El Paso
Primary & Secondary Sources:
Primary:
  • Excerpts from the Arizona and New Mexico state constitutions (1912)
  • WPA oral histories from the Southwest
  • Navajo code talker messages and testimonies
  • Bracero Program labor contracts and photos
  • WWII military base maps and government propaganda posters
Secondary:
  • Excerpts from A History of the American Southwest by Thomas E. Sheridan
  • Selections from The Bracero Program: Immigrant Workers in the Southwest by Ernesto Galarza
  • Articles on urbanization trends in the post-war Southwest
  • Biographies of Navajo Code Talkers
Week 1: Statehood and the Great Depression
Lesson 1: Arizona and New Mexico Statehood
Activity: Compare and contrast Arizona and New Mexico’s constitutions; debate on how statehood changed political and social dynamics.
Lesson 2: The Great Depression in the Southwest
Activity: Analyze local newspapers from the 1930s; create a cause-and-effect chart of the Great Depression’s impact on rural and urban communities.
Lesson 3: New Deal Programs (CCC, WPA)
Activity: Case study of a CCC or WPA project in the Southwest; students design a modern-day version of a New Deal public works project.
Week 2: World War II in the SouthwestLesson 4: Military Bases and Mobilization
Activity: Map military bases (e.g., Fort Bliss, Luke Air Force Base); analyze recruitment posters and photos of military camps.
Lesson 5: The Bracero Program
Activity: Examine Bracero contracts and photos; hold a classroom simulation negotiating labor agreements between U.S. growers and Mexican workers.
Lesson 6: Native American Code Talkers
Activity: Interpret Navajo code messages; watch oral history clips of code talkers and write a reflection on their legacy.
Week 3: Post-war Urbanization
Lesson 7: Urbanization in Phoenix, Albuquerque, and El Paso
Activity: Analyze census data, city maps, and real estate advertisements from the 1950s-60s to track urban growth patterns.
Lesson 8: Suburbanization and Economic Change
Activity: Jigsaw discussion on the rise of industries (e.g., aerospace, electronics); create infographics on how these cities transformed after WWII.
Week 4: Legacy and Modern Connections
Lesson 9: Legacies of the 20th Century Southwest
Activity: Students create multimedia presentations (slideshow, video, or podcast) on one major legacy (e.g., bracero labor, urban sprawl, military-industrial complex) in today’s Southwest.
Assessments:
​Formative:
  • Exit tickets (reflect on key turning points)
  • Group debates and simulations
  • Participation in document analysis activities
Summative:
  • DBQ Essay: “Evaluate how the Great Depression and World War II shaped the modern Southwest.”
  • Multimedia project on urbanization and development in Phoenix, Albuquerque, or El Paso.
Suggested Extension Activities:
  • Field trip to a local CCC/WPA site, military base, or historical museum.
  • Guest speaker: Navajo code talker descendant or bracero historian.
  • Comparative study of post-war urbanization in the Southwest versus another U.S. region.
Vocabulary:
  • Statehood
  • Constitution
  • Great Depression
  • New Deal
  • CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)
  • WPA (Works Progress Administration)
  • Bracero Program
  • Code Talkers
  • Urbanization
  • Suburbanization
​The following activities include AI tools that enhance student engagement, provide data-driven insights, and facilitate personalized learning. 
Week 1: Statehood and the Great Depression
Individual Activity:
AI Tool: ChatGPT (or similar LLM)
Task:
Students will input excerpts from Arizona and New Mexico’s constitutions into ChatGPT and ask it to help compare and contrast key themes (e.g., voting rights, public lands, education). Students will then create a Venn diagram highlighting similarities and differences between the two documents.

Group Activity:
AI Tool: DALL·E (or other AI image generator)
Task:
In groups, students will research WPA and CCC projects in the Southwest. Using DALL·E, they will generate historically accurate posters or propaganda visuals promoting one of these programs. Groups will present their posters alongside a short historical explanation.

Week 2: World War II in the Southwest
Individual Activity:
AI Tool: Whisper (AI transcription tool)
Task:
Students will use AI transcription tools to transcribe oral history interviews of Navajo Code Talkers or bracero workers (from available online archives). They will then use ChatGPT to help summarize key themes or emotions expressed in the testimonies and write a reflection paper on how these voices contribute to the historical narrative.

Group Activity:
AI Tools: Google Sheets + AI Analysis Plugin (e.g., GPT for Sheets)
Task:
Groups will analyze WWII-era economic data (e.g., agricultural output under the bracero program, employment at military bases). They will input the data into Google Sheets and use AI plugins to identify patterns (e.g., growth trends, labor shortages) and visualize the findings in charts or graphs. Each group will present their visual analysis to the class.

Week 3: Post-war Urbanization
Individual Activity:
AI Tool: ChatGPT + AI Map Generator (e.g., Google AI's Cartographer)
Task:
Students will ask ChatGPT to help identify key industries that drove urbanization in Phoenix, Albuquerque, and El Paso post-WWII. Using an AI mapping tool, they will create a digital map showing the growth of one city over time, labeling key industrial zones and suburban developments.

Group Activity:
AI Tools: ChatGPT + DALL·E + Text-to-Speech (TTS) tool
Task:
Groups will design a short podcast episode (5-7 min) on the urbanization of a Southwestern city, integrating historical narratives with AI-generated visuals (via DALL·E) for their promotional materials. They can use TTS tools to generate voiceovers if needed. Each group will present their podcast to the class.

Week 4: Legacies of the 20th Century Southwest
​
Individual Activity:
AI Tool: ChatGPT + Canva (with AI text assist)
Task:
Students will create an infographic summarizing one major legacy of the 20th-century Southwest (e.g., code talkers’ influence on modern encryption, the labor legacy of the bracero program, or urban sprawl). They will use AI in Canva to assist with layout, icons, and text summarization.

Group Activity:
AI Tool: AI Video Generator (e.g., Pictory or Synthesia) + ChatGPT
Task:
Groups will script and produce a short (2-3 min) documentary-style video on how World War II or the New Deal shaped the modern Southwest. They will use ChatGPT to help draft the script and an AI video generator to produce visuals and narration. Videos will be screened as part of the unit's culminating activity.

Optional AI Tools Across Activities:
  • Perplexity AI – For advanced research and sourcing articles.
  • Otter.ai – For transcribing interviews and group discussions.
  • Khanmigo AI (Khan Academy) – For coaching students in historical writing or answering clarifying questions on complex topics.
  • Grammarly AI – For improving written assignments and peer reviews.
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